Challenges for the 3-3-1 models

TL;DR

This paper reviews the challenges faced by 3-3-1 models in particle physics, emphasizing the need for further theoretical and experimental investigation beyond simplified versions, especially in light of LHC results.

Contribution

It highlights key issues and aspects of 3-3-1 models that require deeper theoretical analysis and experimental validation, considering various model representations.

Findings

Some issues are independent of the model's representation

Certain challenges depend on specific model parameters

The LHC has not yet confirmed or rejected 3-3-1 models

Abstract

The so-called 3-3-1 models have been widely studied in the literature. However, in almost all cases, as with other models, just simplified versions have been considered. On the other hand, the LHC has not neither confirmed nor rejected any model. In this paper we discuss some aspects of the 3-3-1 models that must be investigated, or be re-analyzed, firstly theoretically and, eventually, experimentally. Some of these issues are independent of the representation content of the particular model, that is, they are independent of the value of the $\beta$ parameter. However, others strongly depend on the particular model considered.