IR/UV Mixing, Towers of Species and Swampland Conjectures

TL;DR

This paper explores the relationship between UV and IR cut-offs in effective field theories within quantum gravity, deriving bounds on tower masses, and connecting these to swampland conjectures in various spacetime backgrounds.

Contribution

It introduces a general algorithm to compute the species scale in theories with multiple light towers and relates the Covariant Entropy Bound to swampland conjectures, providing explicit bounds on tower mass scales.

Findings

The UV and IR cut-offs are necessarily correlated in quantum gravity.

Derived bounds on the mass scale of towers in terms of IR cut-offs, with explicit exponents.

Found that the Covariant Entropy Bound implies a minimum exponent  in certain scenarios.

Abstract

By applying the Covariant Entropy Bound (CEB) to an EFT in a box of size $1/\Lambda_{\text{IR}}$ one obtains that the UV and IR cut-offs of the EFT are necessarily correlated. We argue that in a theory of Quantum Gravity (QG) one should identify the UV cutoff with the `species scale', and give a general algorithm to calculate it in the case of multiple towers becoming light. One then obtains an upper bound on the characteristic mass scale of the tower in terms of the IR cut-off, given by $M_{\text{tower}}\lesssim (\Lambda_{\text{IR}})^{2\alpha_D}$ in Planck units, with $\alpha_D=(D-2+p)/2p(D-1)$, where $p$ depends on the density of states. Identifying the IR cut-off with a (non-vanishing) curvature in AdS one reproduces the statement of the AdS Distance Conjecture (ADC), also giving an explicit lower bound for the $\alpha$ exponent. In particular, we find that the CEB implies $\alpha \geq1/2$ in any dimension if there is a single KK tower, both in AdS and dS vacua. However values $\alpha <1/2$ are allowed if the particle tower is multiple or has a string component. We also consider the CKN constraint coming from avoiding gravitational collapse which further requires in general $\alpha \geq 1/D$ for the lightest tower. We analyse the case of the DGKT-CFI class of Type IIA orientifold models and show it has both particle and string towers below the species scale, so that a careful analysis of how the ADC is defined is needed. We find that this class of models obey but do not saturate the CEB. The UV/IR constraints found apply to both AdS and dS vacua. We comment on possible applications of these ideas to the dS Swampland conjecture as well as to the observed dS phase of the universe.