Nitrogen incorporated Zinc oxide thin film for efficient ethanol detection

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that nitrogen doping of ZnO thin films significantly enhances ethanol sensing performance, reducing operating temperature, response time, and improving stability and selectivity, supported by experimental and DFT analysis.

Contribution

It introduces nitrogen doping as a novel approach to improve ZnO ethanol sensors, with comprehensive experimental and theoretical analysis of its effects.

Findings

N-ZnO exhibits higher ethanol response (~99%) at lower temperature (~225°C) compared to pure ZnO (~81% at 250°C).

N-ZnO shows faster response time (12 s) versus pure ZnO (33 s).

N-ZnO demonstrates improved stability, humidity resilience, and ethanol selectivity.

Abstract

Zinc oxide which is a n-type semiconducting metal oxide (SMO) has been a promising material for detecting ethanol vapor. However, pure ZnO based ethanol sensors often suffer from high working temperature, cross sensitivity towards methanol and poor stability against humidity. Doping ZnO with various metal ions has been widely explored as a proficient approach to improve its ethanol sensing properties, while anionic dopants have been rarely considered. Here in we demonstrate the effect of nitrogen doping on the ethanol sensing characteristics of ZnO thin films. Nitrogen doped ZnO (N-ZnO) thin films have been synthesized following sol-gel technique with urea as nitrogen precursor. Ethanol sensing characteristics of the N-ZnO thin film has been com-pared with pure ZnO sensor over a wide range of temperature and relative humidity conditions. The N-ZnO sensor exhibits significantly large ethanol sensing response at a lower operating temperature (~99 % at 225 {\deg}C vs ~81 % at 250 {\deg}C for ZnO), faster response time (12 s vs 33 s for ZnO), long term stability, improved resilience against humidity and selectivity towards ethanol over methanol and acetone. The experimental observations have been supplemented by estimating the adsorption energies of ethanol on ZnO and N-ZnO surface using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We discuss that the microscopic origin of improved ethanol sensing of N-ZnO is related to the facile adsorption of ethanol molecules on the oxide surface which is promoted by modification of electronic properties of ZnO by the nitrogen dopant atoms.