Kerr-Newman black hole lensing of relativistic massive particles in the weak field limit

TL;DR

This paper systematically analyzes the gravitational lensing of relativistic massive particles by a Kerr-Newman black hole in the weak field limit, deriving analytical expressions for observable lensing effects and velocity-induced corrections.

Contribution

It provides the first analytical derivation of lensing observables for massive particles around Kerr-Newman black holes beyond the weak-deflection limit, including velocity correction effects.

Findings

Derived analytical deflection angles in the third post-Minkowskian approximation.

Obtained explicit formulas for image positions, magnifications, and time delays.

Analyzed velocity-induced correction effects for the Galactic center black hole.

Abstract

The gravitational lensing of relativistic neutral massive particles caused by a Kerr-Newman black hole is investigated systematically in the weak-field limit. Based on the Kerr-Newman metric in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates, we first derive the analytical form of the equatorial gravitational deflection angle of a massive particle in the third post-Minkowskian approximation. The resulting bending angle, which is found to be consistent with the result in the previous work, is adopted to solve the popular Virbhadra-Ellis lens equation. The analytical expressions for the main observable properties of the primary and secondary images of the particle source are thus obtained beyond the weak-deflection limit, within the framework of standard perturbation theory. The observables include the positions, magnifications, and gravitational time delays of the individual images, the differential time delay, and the total magnification and centroid position. The explicit forms of the correctional effects induced by the deviation of the initial velocity of the massive particle from the speed of light on the observables of the lensed images are then achieved. Finally, serving as an application of the formalism, the supermassive black hole at the Galactic center, Sagittarius A$^{\ast}$, is modeled to be a Kerr-Newman lens. The magnitudes of the velocity-induced correctional effects on the practical lensing observables as well as the possibilities to detect them in this scenario are also analyzed.