Operational models of temperature superpositions

TL;DR

This paper explores how quantum systems interact with baths of varying temperatures, revealing fundamental differences in thermalisation processes and implications for quantum, gravitational, and thermodynamic phenomena.

Contribution

It introduces two models of temperature superpositions in quantum thermalisation, distinguishing their operational differences and showing the probe's state sensitivity to thermalising channels.

Findings

Probes do not always thermalise even at equal temperatures.

The final state depends on the specific thermalising channel.

Models apply to quantum, gravitational, and thermodynamic scenarios.

Abstract

A quantum system and a thermal bath can reach thermal equilibrium through an interaction, whereupon the system acquires the same temperature as the bath. But how does a delocalised quantum system thermalise with a bath whose local temperature varies, as, for example, in the Tolman effect? Here we formulate two scenarios in which the notion of a ``superposition of temperatures'' may arise. First: a probe interacting with two different baths dependent on the state of another quantum system (control). Second: a probe interacting with a single bath whose purified state is a superposition of states corresponding to different temperatures. We show that the two scenarios are fundamentally different and can be operationally distinguished. Moreover, we show that the probe does not in general thermalise even when the involved temperatures are equal, and that the final probe state is sensitive to the specific realisation of the thermalising channels. Our models may be applied to scenarios involving joint quantum, gravitational, and thermodynamic phenomena, and explain some recent results found in quantum intereference of relativistic probes thermalising with Unruh or Hawking radiation. Finally, we show that our results are reproduced in partial and pre-thermalisation processes, and thus our approach and conclusions hold beyond the idealised scenarios, where thermalisation is incomplete.