Causal Interaction between the subsurface rotation rate residuals and radial magnetic field in different timescales

TL;DR

This study investigates the causal relationship between subsurface rotation residuals and radial magnetic fields across different solar timescales, revealing their spatial origins and evolution over solar cycles 23 and 24.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the spatiotemporal characteristics and source regions of magnetic and rotational variations in the Sun across multiple timescales.

Findings

Schwabe cycle source region confined between ~30° N and S

QBO source region below 0.78 solar radii

Rotation and magnetic field variations are interconnected over solar cycles

Abstract

We studied the presence and spatiotemporal characteristics and evolution of the variations in the differential rotation rates and radial magnetic fields in the Schwabe and Quasi-biennial-oscillation (QBO) timescales. To achieve these objectives, we used rotation rate residuals and radial magnetic field data from the Michelson Doppler Imager on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on the Solar Dynamics Observatory, extending from May 1996 to August 2020, covering solar cycles 23 and 24, respectively. Under the assumption that the radial surface magnetic field is non-local and the differential rotation is symmetric around the equator, our results suggest that the source region of the Schwabe cycle is confined between $\sim$30$^{\circ}$ N and S throughout the convection zone. As for the source region of the QBO, our results suggest that it is below 0.78R$_{\odot}$.