Quantum Error Correction with Gauge Symmetries

TL;DR

This paper introduces fault-tolerant quantum error correction procedures for lattice gauge theories that leverage gauge symmetries and redundancy, improving error correction performance in quantum simulations of these theories.

Contribution

It presents novel fault-tolerant error correction schemes combining phase flip codes with Gauss' law constraints for lattice gauge theories, outperforming naive codes.

Findings

Fault-tolerant circuits for $ ext{Z}_2$ and U(1) LGTs in 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions.

Error correction schemes outperform standard $[5,1,3]$ code.

Method can be extended to larger cutoffs and higher dimensions.

Abstract

Quantum simulations of Lattice Gauge Theories (LGTs) are often formulated on an enlarged Hilbert space containing both physical and unphysical sectors in order to retain a local Hamiltonian. We provide simple fault-tolerant procedures that exploit such redundancy by combining a phase flip error correction code with the Gauss' law constraint to correct one-qubit errors for a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ or truncated U(1) LGT in 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions with a link flux cutoff of $1$. Unlike existing work on detecting violations of Gauss' law, our circuits are fault tolerant and the overall error correction scheme outperforms a na\"{i}ve application of the $[5,1,3]$ code. The constructions outlined can be extended to LGT systems with larger cutoffs and may be of use in understanding how to hybridize error correction and quantum simulation for LGTs in higher space-time dimensions and with different symmetry groups.