Near-IR narrow-band imaging with CIRCE at the Gran Telescopio Canarias: Searching for Ly$\alpha$-emitters at $z \sim 9.3$

TL;DR

This study used a specialized narrow-band filter with the GTC to search for Ly$ ext{α}$ emitters at $z ext{∼} 9.3$, but found no candidates, setting upper limits on their luminosity function and emphasizing the need for deeper surveys.

Contribution

First application of a custom narrow-band filter with GTC to search for high-redshift Ly$ ext{α}$ emitters at $z ext{∼} 9.3$, establishing observational constraints.

Findings

No reliable Ly$ ext{α}$ emitter candidates detected.

Set upper limits on the Ly$ ext{α}$ luminosity function at $z ext{∼} 9$.

Results agree with previous constraints, indicating the rarity of bright LAEs at this epoch.

Abstract

Identifying very high-redshift galaxies is crucial for understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies. However, many questions still remain, and the uncertainty on the epoch of reionization is large. In this approach, some models allow a double-reionization scenario, although the number of confirmed detections at very high $z$ is still too low to serve as observational proof. The main goal of this project is studying whether we can search for Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters (LAEs) at $z \sim 9$ using a narrow-band (NB) filter that was specifically designed by our team and was built for this experiment. We used the NB technique to select candidates by measuring the flux excess due to the Ly$\alpha$ emission. The observations were taken with an NB filter (full width at half minimum of 11 nm and central wavelength $\lambda_{c} = 1.257 \mu$m) and the CIRCE near-infrared camera for the GTC. We describe a data reduction procedure that was especially optimized to minimize instrumental effects. With a total exposure time of 18.3 hours, the final NB image covers an area of $\sim 6.7$ arcmin$^{2}$, which corresponds to a comoving volume of $1.1 \times 10^{3}$ Mpc$^{3}$ at $z = 9.3$. We pushed the source detection to its limit, which allows us to analyze an initial sample of 97 objects. We detail the different criteria we applied to select the candidates. The criteria included visual verifications in different photometric bands. None of the objects resembled a reliable LAE, however, and we found no robust candidate down to an emission-line flux of $2.9 \times 10^{-16}$ erg s$^{-1} $cm$^{-2}$, which corresponds to a Ly$\alpha$ luminosity limit of $3 \times 10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$. We derive an upper limit on the Ly$\alpha$ luminosity function at $z \sim 9$ that agrees well with previous constraints. We conclude that deeper and wider surveys are needed to study the LAE population at the cosmic dawn.