Tutorial on communication between access networks and the 5G core

TL;DR

This paper provides a comprehensive tutorial on NAS and NGAP protocols in 5G networks, explaining their functions, message flows, and includes a practical testing tool for evaluating open-source 5G core implementations.

Contribution

It offers an in-depth didactic overview of 5G NAS and NGAP protocols and introduces the my5G Tester for protocol evaluation and testing.

Findings

Detailed protocol stack descriptions and functionalities.

Illustrative message flow examples for UE and gNodeB registration.

Validation of open-source 5G core projects using the my5G Tester.

Abstract

Fifth-generation (5G) networks enable a variety of use cases that require differentiated connectivity, e.g., Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC), enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). To explore the full potential of these use cases, it is mandatory to understand the communication along with the 5G network segments and architecture components. User Equipment (UE), Radio Access Network (RAN), and 5G Core (5GC) are the main components that support these new network concepts and paradigms. 3rd Generation Partnership Project has recently published Release 16, including the protocols used to communicate between RANs and 5GC, i.e., Non-Access Stratum (NAS) and NG Application Protocol (NGAP). The main goal of this work is to present a comprehensive tutorial about NAS and NGAP specifications using a didactic and practical approach. The tutorial describes the protocol stacks and aspects of the functionality of these protocols in 5G networks, such as authentication and identification procedures, data session establishment, and resource allocation. Moreover, we review the message flows related to these protocols in UE and Next Generation Node B (gNodeB) registration. To illustrate the concepts presented in the tutorial, we developed the my5G Tester: a 5GC tester that implements NAS and NGAP for evaluating three open-source 5GC projects using a black-box testing methodology.