Almost Polynomial Factor Inapproximability for Parameterized k-Clique

TL;DR

This paper proves strong inapproximability results for the parameterized k-Clique problem, showing that no FPT-time algorithm can approximate within certain sublinear factors under standard complexity assumptions.

Contribution

It extends previous results by ruling out F(k)=k^{1/H(k)}-factor FPT-approximation algorithms for k-Clique under W[1]≠FPT, using novel list decoding techniques.

Findings

No F(k)=k^{1/H(k)}-factor FPT-approximation exists under W[1]≠FPT.

Introduces list decoding of Hadamard codes into inapproximability proofs.

Strengthens the understanding of the hardness of approximating k-Clique.

Abstract

The k-Clique problem is a canonical hard problem in parameterized complexity. In this paper, we study the parameterized complexity of approximating the k-Clique problem where an integer k and a graph G on n vertices are given as input, and the goal is to find a clique of size at least k/F(k) whenever the graph G has a clique of size k. When such an algorithm runs in time T(k)poly(n) (i.e., FPT-time) for some computable function T, it is said to be an F(k)-FPT-approximation algorithm for the k-Clique problem. Although, the non-existence of an F(k)-FPT-approximation algorithm for any computable sublinear function F is known under gap-ETH [Chalermsook et al., FOCS 2017], it has remained a long standing open problem to prove the same inapproximability result under the more standard and weaker assumption, W[1]$\neq$FPT. In a recent breakthrough, Lin [STOC 2021] ruled out constant factor (i.e., F(k)=O(1)) FPT-approximation algorithms under W[1]$\neq$FPT. In this paper, we improve this inapproximability result (under the same assumption) to rule out every $F(k)=k^{1/H(k)}$ factor FPT-approximation algorithm for any increasing computable function H (for example $H(k)=\log^\ast k$). Our main technical contribution is introducing list decoding of Hadamard codes over large prime fields into the proof framework of Lin.