Phase shift in periodically driven non-equilibrium systems: Its identification and a bound

TL;DR

This paper introduces a method to quantify the lag in periodically driven non-equilibrium systems using a generalized phase difference and establishes a universal upper bound based on the driving speed.

Contribution

It provides a novel way to measure phase lag in non-equilibrium systems and proves a tight upper bound depending solely on the relative driving speed.

Findings

Defined a generalized phase difference for periodic steady states

Proved a tight upper bound for the phase lag

Bound depends only on the relative speed of the driving

Abstract

Time-dependently driven stochastic systems form a vast and manifold class of non-equilibrium systems used to model important applications on small length scales such as bit erasure protocols or microscopic heat engines. One property that unites all these quite different systems is some form of lag between the driving of the system and its response. For periodic steady states, we quantify this lag by introducing a generalized phase difference and prove a tight upper bound for it. In its most general version, this bound depends only on the relative speed of the driving.