A comparison study of CNN denoisers on PRNU extraction

TL;DR

This study evaluates the effectiveness of various CNN-based denoisers for PRNU extraction in camera identification, highlighting the importance of tailored training and proposing a fingerprint quantization scheme for improved performance.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive comparison of CNN denoisers for PRNU extraction, analyzes training strategies, and introduces a fingerprint quantization method for better SCI results.

Findings

CNN denoisers can improve PRNU extraction if carefully trained.

Correlation-based loss functions yield the best PRNU estimation.

Proposed fingerprint quantization facilitates further research and practical application.

Abstract

Performance of the sensor-based camera identification (SCI) method heavily relies on the denoising filter in estimating Photo-Response Non-Uniformity (PRNU). Given various attempts on enhancing the quality of the extracted PRNU, it still suffers from unsatisfactory performance in low-resolution images and high computational demand. Leveraging the similarity of PRNU estimation and image denoising, we take advantage of the latest achievements of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based denoisers for PRNU extraction. In this paper, a comparative evaluation of such CNN denoisers on SCI performance is carried out on the public "Dresden Image Database". Our findings are two-fold. From one aspect, both the PRNU extraction and image denoising separate noise from the image content. Hence, SCI can benefit from the recent CNN denoisers if carefully trained. From another aspect, the goals and the scenarios of PRNU extraction and image denoising are different since one optimizes the quality of noise and the other optimizes the image quality. A carefully tailored training is needed when CNN denoisers are used for PRNU estimation. Alternative strategies of training data preparation and loss function design are analyzed theoretically and evaluated experimentally. We point out that feeding the CNNs with image-PRNU pairs and training them with correlation-based loss function result in the best PRNU estimation performance. To facilitate further studies of SCI, we also propose a minimum-loss camera fingerprint quantization scheme using which we save the fingerprints as image files in PNG format. Furthermore, we make the quantized fingerprints of the cameras from the "Dresden Image Database" publicly available.