Non-Trivial Oblique Spin Equilibria of Super-Earths in Multi-planetary Systems

TL;DR

This paper investigates the complex spin equilibria of close-in super-Earths in multi-planet systems, revealing new high-obliquity states caused by nonlinear resonances and tidal effects, which influence planetary surface and atmospheric conditions.

Contribution

It uncovers a new class of high-obliquity spin equilibria in super-Earths due to nonlinear subharmonic responses, expanding understanding of planetary spin states.

Findings

Discovery of mixed-mode high-obliquity equilibria

Tidal dissipation suppresses chaos, leading to steady states

Many super-Earths may have significant obliquities

Abstract

Many Sun-like stars are observed to host close-in super-Earths (SEs) as part of a multi-planetary system. In such a system, the spin of the SE evolves due to spin-orbit resonances and tidal dissipation. In the absence of tides, the planet's obliquity can evolve chaotically to large values. However, for close-in SEs, tidal dissipation is significant and suppresses the chaos, instead driving the spin into various steady states. We find that the attracting steady states of the SE's spin are more numerous than previously thought, due to the discovery of a new class of "mixed-mode" high-obliquity equilibria. These new equilibria arise due to subharmonic responses of the parametrically-driven planetary spin, an unusual phenomenon that arises in nonlinear systems. Many SEs should therefore have significant obliquities, with potentially large impacts on the physical conditions of their surfaces and atmospheres.