Modeling of nucleobase/oligonucleotide interaction with graphene and graphene oxide: the role of charging and/or oxidizing the graphene surface

TL;DR

This study uses computational methods to explore how charging and oxidation of graphene surfaces influence their interactions with cytosine and oligonucleotides, revealing the roles of electrostatics and surface chemistry.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the effects of surface charge and oxidation on nucleobase and oligonucleotide binding to graphene and graphene oxide, combining DFT and molecular dynamics simulations.

Findings

Cytosine interacts more strongly with graphene oxide than with graphene.

Electrostatic interactions significantly influence oligonucleotide binding conformations.

Oxidation degree of graphene only weakly affects cytosine interaction energy.

Abstract

We analyze the influence of the charge and the degree of oxidation of the surface of graphene (Gr) on its interaction with cytosine and oligonucleotide r(C)10. This is a computational study involving DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that cytosine interacts stronger with graphene oxide (GO) than with Gr, while the energy of the interaction of cytosine with GO only weakly depends on the degree of the Gr oxidation. A correlation between the shifts of vibrational frequencies of cytosine due to complexation with GO and the degree of the Gr oxidation is found. The adsorption of anionic oligonucleotide r(C)10 onto neutral and positively charged surfaces has a certain conformational similarity to conformations formed with similar van der Waals interactions. Also, for charged surfaces, the Coulombic attraction gives a noticeable contribution to the total interaction energy. For a negatively charged graphene surface the electrostatic repulsion between Gr surface and negatively charged phosphate backbone of oligonucleotide weakens the total binding energy. Competition between the Coulombic repulsion and the van der Waals attraction results in formation of a unique oligonucleotide conformation where all 10 cytosines are stacked onto Gr.