CoinPrune: Shrinking Bitcoin's Blockchain Retrospectively

TL;DR

CoinPrune is a blockchain pruning scheme for Bitcoin that reduces storage needs by using trustable snapshots reaffirmed by miners, enabling faster synchronization and better content management without sacrificing compatibility.

Contribution

It introduces a Bitcoin-compatible pruning method that uses miner reaffirmations to establish trustworthy snapshots, enabling retrospective deployment and significant storage reduction.

Findings

Reduces Bitcoin node storage by 100x, from 271 GiB to 6 GiB.

Decreases synchronization time from 7 hours to 51 minutes.

Supports obfuscation of objectionable content in the blockchain.

Abstract

Popular cryptocurrencies continue to face serious scalability issues due to their ever-growing blockchains. Thus, modern blockchain designs began to prune old blocks and rely on recent snapshots for their bootstrapping processes instead. Unfortunately, established systems are often considered incapable of adopting these improvements. In this work, we present CoinPrune, our block-pruning scheme with full Bitcoin compatibility, to revise this popular belief. CoinPrune bootstraps joining nodes via snapshots that are periodically created from Bitcoin's set of unspent transaction outputs (UTXO set). Our scheme establishes trust in these snapshots by relying on CoinPrune-supporting miners to mutually reaffirm a snapshot's correctness on the blockchain. This way, snapshots remain trustworthy even if adversaries attempt to tamper with them. Our scheme maintains its retrospective deployability by relying on positive feedback only, i.e., blocks containing invalid reaffirmations are not rejected, but invalid reaffirmations are outpaced by the benign ones created by an honest majority among CoinPrune-supporting miners. Already today, CoinPrune reduces the storage requirements for Bitcoin nodes by two orders of magnitude, as joining nodes need to fetch and process only 6 GiB instead of 271 GiB of data in our evaluation, reducing the synchronization time of powerful devices from currently 7 h to 51 min, with even larger potential drops for less powerful devices. CoinPrune is further aware of higher-level application data, i.e., it conserves otherwise pruned application data and allows nodes to obfuscate objectionable and potentially illegal blockchain content from their UTXO set and the snapshots they distribute.