Laser-induced fluorescence based characterization method for aggregation behavior of rhodamine B (RhB) in water, ethanol, and propanol

TL;DR

This study introduces a laser-induced fluorescence method to quantify RhB dye aggregation in different solvents by analyzing monomer and dimer fluorescence ratios, revealing solvent-dependent critical concentrations.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel fluorescence-based approach to determine the critical concentration for dye aggregation, applicable across various solvents and potentially extendable to other fluorophores.

Findings

Water facilitates more RhB aggregation than ethanol and propanol.

Critical concentration inversely correlates with solvent dielectric constant.

The monomer to dimer fluorescence ratio effectively characterizes aggregation behavior.

Abstract

In this work, the aggregation behaviour of RhB has been studied with the change in the concentration of the RhB dye in water, ethanol and propanol using absorption and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The dimer and monomer fluorescence emissions were observed simultaneously in all the solvents. The monomer to dimer fluorescence intensity ratio has been calculated and found that at a certain concentration of RhB the magnitude of the ratio is different in different solvents. The ratio becomes equivalent to one for 1.5 gm per l, 3 gm per l and 4.2 gm per l, concentration of RhB in water, ethanol and propanol respectively. This concentration of RhB at which the monomer to dimer ratio becomes unity is proposed as critical concentration. Above this critical concentration, the dimeric fluorescence dominates and below which the monomeric fluorescence dominates. Moreover, in the solvent for which the magnitude of critical concentration is less the fluorophore molecule aggregates more easily and vice versa. So, water is found to be the most suitable solvent for RhB molecules for self-aggregation than ethanol and propanol but with less dimeric quantum yield. It is also observed that the critical concentration varies inversely with the dielectric constant of the solvents. Altogether, it can be said that the proposed ratio and critical concentration quantify the aggregation process of the fluorophore in the solvent. Hence, the critical concentration value of the fluorophore could be assumed as the characteristic parameter to study the aggregation behaviour of the fluorophore in solvents. The described method has the merit of use in the study of lasing ability and the wavelength tunability of the dye laser gain media as well as in the heavy metal sensing technology in water. This method may also be extended for other fluorophores and solvents.