Constraining violations of the Weak Equivalence Principle Using CHIME FRBs

TL;DR

This paper uses observations of Fast Radio Bursts to test the Weak Equivalence Principle by constraining potential photon speed differences across frequencies, achieving significantly tighter limits than previous methods.

Contribution

It provides the first tight constraints on WEP violations using FRBs, improving previous bounds by an order of magnitude and demonstrating the utility of FRBs in fundamental physics tests.

Findings

No detectable time delay was observed in FRB signals.

The upper limit on the PPN parameter difference is constrained to log(Δγ) ≈ -21.6.

Constraints surpass previous bounds by an order of magnitude.

Abstract

Einstein's General Relativity (GR) is the basis of modern astronomy and astrophysics. Testing the validity of basic assumptions of GR is important. In this work, we test a possible violation of the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP), i.e., there might be a time-lag between photons of different frequencies caused by the effect of gravitational fields if the speeds of photons are slightly different at different frequencies. We use Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) , which are astronomical transients with millisecond timescales detected in the radio frequency range. Being at cosmological distances, accumulated time delay of FRBs can be caused by the plasma in between an FRB source and an observer, and by gravitational fields in the path of the signal. We segregate the delay due to dispersion and gravitational field using the post-Newtonian formalism (PPN) parameter $\Delta \gamma$, which defines the space-curvature due to gravity by a unit test mass. We did not detect any time-delay from FRBs but obtained tight constraints on the upper limit of $\Delta \gamma$. For FRB20181117C with $z = 1.83 \pm 0.28$ and $\nu_{obs}$ = $676.5\,{\rm MHz}$, the best possible constraint is obtained at log($\Delta \gamma$) = $-21.58 ^{+0.10}_{-0.12}$ and log($\Delta \gamma$/$r_{\rm E}$) = $-21.75 ^{+0.10}_{-0.14}$, respectively, where $r_{\rm E}$ is the energy ratio of two photons of the same FRB signal. This constraint is about one order of magnitude better than the previous constraint obtained with FRBs, and five orders tighter than any constraint obtained using other cosmological sources.