Metallic magnetic calorimeter arrays for the first phase of the ECHo experiment

TL;DR

The paper reports on the development and characterization of a 72-pixel metallic magnetic calorimeter array for the ECHo experiment, achieving high energy resolution and efficiency for neutrino mass measurement via Ho-163 electron capture.

Contribution

It introduces the design, fabrication, and testing of the ECHo-1k detector array, optimizing performance for the first phase of the ECHo neutrino mass experiment.

Findings

Achieved energy resolution below 10 eV FWHM.

Successfully fabricated and tested two detector chips with high activity levels.

Demonstrated detectors meet the requirements for the ECHo-1k experiment.

Abstract

The ECHo experiment has been designed for the determination of the effective electron neutrino mass by means of the analysis of the end-point region of the Ho-163 electron capture spectrum. Metallic magnetic calorimeters enclosing Ho-163 are used for the high energy resolution calorimetric measurement of the Ho-163 spectrum. For the first phase of the experiment, ECHo-1k, a 72-pixel MMC array has been developed. The single-pixel design has been optimised to reach 100% stopping power for the radiation emitted in the Ho-163 electron capture process (besides the electron neutrino) and an energy resolution < 10 eV FWHM. We describe the design of the ECHo-1k detector chip, the fabrication steps and the characterisation at room temperature, at 4 K and at the final operation temperatures. In particular, a detailed analysis of the results from these tests allowed to define a quality check protocol based on parameters measurable at room temperature. We discuss the performance achieved with the two ECHo-1k detector chips - the first one with Ho-163 implanted in gold and the second one with Ho-163 implanted in silver - which have been used for the high statistics measurement of the ECHo-1k experiment. An average activity per pixel of 0.81 Bq and 0.71 Bq and an average energy resolution of 6.07 eV FWHM and 5.55 eV FWHM have been achieved with these two detectors, fulfilling the requirements for the first phase of the ECHo experiment.