Reliable Equations of State of Viscous Strong and Electroweak Matter

TL;DR

This paper provides comprehensive and reliable equations of state, viscosities, and relaxation times for strong and electroweak matter across a wide temperature range, integrating multiple models and degrees of freedom relevant to early Universe conditions.

Contribution

It introduces the first combined, phenomenological estimation of EoS, viscosities, and relaxation times for early Universe matter, covering both strong and electroweak epochs with diverse degrees of freedom.

Findings

Validated equations of state up to TeV energies.

Integrated perturbative and non-perturbative calculations.

Highlighted significance of electroweak particles across temperatures.

Abstract

For the first time, a reliable estimation for the equations of state (EoS), bulk viscosity, and relaxation time, at temperatures ranging from a few MeV up to TeV or energy density up to $10^{16}~$GeV/fm$^3$. This genuine study covers both strong and electroweak epochs of the early Universe. Non--perturbation (up, down, strange, charm, and bottom quark flavor) and perturbative calculations (up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top quark flavors), are phenomenologically combined, at vanishing baryon--chemical potential. In these results, calculations from Polyakov linear--sigma model (PLSM) of the vacuum and thermal condensations of the gluons and the quarks (up, down, strange, and charm flavors) are also integrated. Furthermore, additional degrees of freedom (photons, neutrinos, charged leptons, electroweak particles, and scalar Higgs boson) are found significant along the entire range of temperatures. As never done before, the present study brings the standard model of elementary particles closer to the standard model for cosmology.