Real-Time Feedback-Driven Single-Particle Tracking: A Survey and Perspective

TL;DR

This paper reviews real-time feedback-driven single-particle tracking techniques, discussing their core components, trade-offs, and metrics, to guide future research and application in high-resolution particle dynamics measurement.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive survey and systematic analysis of RT-FD-SPT methods, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and development opportunities.

Findings

Survey of existing RT-FD-SPT techniques

Development of metrics for method comparison

Identification of gaps and future directions

Abstract

Real-time feedback-driven single-particle tracking (RT-FD-SPT) is a class of techniques in the field of single-particle tracking that uses feedback control to keep a particle of interest in a detection volume. These methods provide high spatiotemporal resolution on particle dynamics and allow for concurrent spectroscopic measurements. This review article begins with a survey of existing techniques and of applications where RT-FD-SPT has played an important role. We then systematically discuss each of the core components of RT-FD-SPT in order to develop an understanding of the trade-offs that must be made in algorithm design and to create a clear picture of the important differences, advantages, and drawbacks of existing approaches. These components are feedback tracking and control, ranging from simple proportional-integral-derivative control to advanced nonlinear techniques, estimation to determine particle location from the measured data, including both online and offline algorithms, and techniques for calibrating and characterizing different RT-FD-SPT methods. We then introduce a collection of metrics for RT-FD-SPT to help guide experimentalists in selecting a method for their particular application and to help reveal where there are gaps in the techniques that represent opportunities for further development. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on future perspectives in the field.