New Insights on the Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Black Hole and Thermal Radiation

TL;DR

This paper explores the thermodynamic equilibrium between black holes and thermal radiation, revealing that considering quantum effects leads to inevitable fluctuations, offering new insights into the microscopic origins of thermodynamic behavior.

Contribution

It introduces a simplified model of black hole and radiation equilibrium, incorporating quantum effects to explain thermodynamic fluctuations and their microscopic origins.

Findings

Thermal radiation can collapse to form black holes in equilibrium.

Quantum considerations induce inevitable thermodynamic fluctuations.

Energy conservation and second law hold when only one quantum effect is considered.

Abstract

The thermal balance between the black hole and surrounding thermal radiation is an interesting topic. The primordial black hole is a type of black hole formed in the early universe, especially during the thermal radiation period of the early universe. Driven by gravity, thermal radiation will collapse to form a black hole. Because of the complexity of the actual situation, we use the simplest model for simulation under the premise of only considering the thermodynamic properties of the system: in the classic case, an isolated box full of thermal radiation, by adjusting the initial temperature within a reasonable range, the results show that the collapse of part of the thermal radiation to form a black hole and finally achieve thermal equilibrium is an inevitable result of the second law of thermodynamics. We then introduced the quantization of black holes and the number of microscopic states of thermal radiation into the thermal equilibrium system and came to a surprising conclusion: if both the quantization of black holes and the number of microscopic states of thermal radiation are considered at the same time, the fluctuation of thermodynamics is inevitable. When only one of them is considered, the law of conservation of energy and the second law of thermodynamics can be satisfied at the same time, and the fluctuation of thermodynamics can be avoided. This provides a new way of thinking for us to understand the microscopic origin of thermodynamic fluctuations.