On the evolution of vortex in locally isothermal self-gravitating discs: a parameter study

TL;DR

This study investigates how disc properties like geometry, viscosity, and mass influence vortex formation and evolution in self-gravitating, locally isothermal protoplanetary discs through extensive hydrodynamic simulations.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive parameter study on vortex evolution, highlighting the effects of disc parameters on vortex longevity, strength, and formation in self-gravitating discs.

Findings

Long-lived vortices favor shallow surface density slopes.

Low to moderate disc masses with Toomre Q less than about 1/h promote vortex formation.

Lower viscosity leads to stronger vortices but also more rapid decay and re-formation.

Abstract

Gas rich dusty circumstellar discs observed around young stellar objects are believed to be the birthplace of planets and planetary systems. Recent observations revealed that large-scale horseshoe-like brightness asymmetries are present in dozens of transitional protoplanetary discs. Theoretical studies suggest that these brightness asymmetries bf could be caused by large-scale anticyclonic vortices triggered by the Rossby Wave Instability (RWI), which can be excited at the edges of the accretionally inactive region, the dead zone edge. Since vortices may play a key role in planet formation, investigating the conditions of the onset of RWI and the long-term evolution of vortices is inevitable. The aim of our work was to explore the effect of disc geometry (the vertical thickness of the disc), viscosity, the width of the transition region at the dead zone edge, and the disc mass on the onset, lifetime, strength and evolution of vortices formed in the disc. We performed a parametric study assuming different properties for the disc and the viscosity transition by running 1980 2D hydrodynamic simulations in the locally isothermal assumption with disc self-gravity included. Our results revealed that long-lived, large-scale vortex formation favours a shallow surface density slope and low- or moderate disc masses with Toomre $Q \lesssim 1/h$, where $h$ is the geometric aspect ratio of the disc. In general, in low viscosity models, stronger vortices form. However, rapid vortex decay and re-formation is more widespread in these discs.