United Nation Security Council in Quantum World: Experimental Realization of Quantum Anonymous Veto Protocols using IBM Quantum Computer

TL;DR

This paper experimentally demonstrates quantum anonymous veto protocols on IBM quantum hardware, showing quantum advantages in anonymity and analyzing noise effects, with potential applications in small-scale UN security decisions.

Contribution

First experimental realization of quantum anonymous veto protocols using IBM quantum computers, comparing different entangled states and analyzing noise impacts.

Findings

Bell state protocol outperforms GHZ/cluster state protocols

Protocols are feasible for small groups like the UN council

Noise impacts fidelity in the order: phase damping, amplitude damping, depolarizing, bit-flip

Abstract

United Nation (UN) security council has fifteen members, out of which five permanent members of the council can use their veto power against any unfavorable decision taken by the council. In certain situation, a member using right to veto may prefer to remain anonymous. This need leads to the requirement of the protocols for anonymous veto which can be viewed as a special type of voting. Recently, a few protocols for quantum anonymous veto have been designed which clearly show quantum advantages in ensuring anonymity of the veto. However, none of the efficient protocols for quantum anonymous veto have yet been experimentally realized. Here, we implement 2 of those protocols for quantum anonymous veto using an IBM quantum computer named IBMQ Casablanca and different quantum resources like Bell, GHZ and cluster states. In this set of proof-of-principle experiments, it's observed that using the present technology, a protocol for quantum anonymous veto can be realized experimentally if the number of people who can veto remains small as in the case of UN council. Further, it's observed that Bell state based protocol implemented here performs better than the GHZ/cluster state based implementation of the other protocol in an ideal scenario as well as in presence of different types of noise (amplitude damping, phase damping, depolarizing and bit-flip noise). In addition, it's observed that based on diminishing impact on fidelity, different noise models studied here can be ordered in ascending order as phase damping, amplitude damping, depolarizing, bit-flip.