EMScore: Evaluating Video Captioning via Coarse-Grained and Fine-Grained Embedding Matching

TL;DR

EMScore is a new reference-free metric for video captioning that measures similarity between videos and captions using embedding matching, outperforming existing metrics in correlation with human judgment and ability to detect hallucinations.

Contribution

Proposes EMScore, a novel embedding matching-based, reference-free metric for video captioning that combines coarse- and fine-grained visual and linguistic similarity measures.

Findings

EMScore shows higher correlation with human judgments.

EMScore effectively detects hallucinating captions.

The datasets VATEX-EVAL and ActivityNet-FOIL are introduced for evaluation.

Abstract

Current metrics for video captioning are mostly based on the text-level comparison between reference and candidate captions. However, they have some insuperable drawbacks, e.g., they cannot handle videos without references, and they may result in biased evaluation due to the one-to-many nature of video-to-text and the neglect of visual relevance. From the human evaluator's viewpoint, a high-quality caption should be consistent with the provided video, but not necessarily be similar to the reference in literal or semantics. Inspired by human evaluation, we propose EMScore (Embedding Matching-based score), a novel reference-free metric for video captioning, which directly measures similarity between video and candidate captions. Benefit from the recent development of large-scale pre-training models, we exploit a well pre-trained vision-language model to extract visual and linguistic embeddings for computing EMScore. Specifically, EMScore combines matching scores of both coarse-grained (video and caption) and fine-grained (frames and words) levels, which takes the overall understanding and detailed characteristics of the video into account. Furthermore, considering the potential information gain, EMScore can be flexibly extended to the conditions where human-labeled references are available. Last but not least, we collect VATEX-EVAL and ActivityNet-FOIl datasets to systematically evaluate the existing metrics. VATEX-EVAL experiments demonstrate that EMScore has higher human correlation and lower reference dependency. ActivityNet-FOIL experiment verifies that EMScore can effectively identify "hallucinating" captions. The datasets will be released to facilitate the development of video captioning metrics. The code is available at: https://github.com/ShiYaya/emscore.