The effect of viewing angle on the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation of the local molecular clouds

TL;DR

This study investigates how the viewing angle influences the observed properties of molecular clouds and their position in the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, highlighting significant effects on individual clouds but minimal impact on the overall relation.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of viewing angle effects on cloud properties and their implications for the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation using 3D dust data of nearby clouds.

Findings

Viewing angle significantly affects observed cloud areas and masses.

Sample averages of areas and masses are less affected by viewing angle.

The overall Kennicutt-Schmidt relation remains relatively stable despite viewing angle variations.

Abstract

The Gaia data give us an unprecedented view to the 3-dimensional (3D) structure of molecular clouds in the Solar neighbourhood. We study how the projected areas and masses of clouds, and consequently the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation (KS-relation), depend on the viewing angle. We derive the probability distributions of the projected areas and masses for nine clouds within 400 pc from the Sun using 3D dust distribution data from the literature. We find that the viewing angle can have a dramatic effect on the observed areas and masses of individual clouds. The joint probability distributions of the areas and masses are strongly correlated, relatively flat, and can show multiple peaks. The typical ranges and 50% quartiles of the distributions are roughly 100-200% and 20-80% of the median value, respectively, making viewing angle effects important for all individual clouds. The threshold value used to define the cloud areas is also important; our analysis suggests that the clouds become more anisotropic for smaller thresholds (larger scales). On average, the areas and masses of the plane-of-the-sky and face-on projections agree, albeit with a large scatter. This suggests that sample averages of areas and masses are relatively free of viewing angle effects, which is important to facilitate comparisons of extragalactic and galactic data. Ultimately, our results demonstrate that a cloud's location in the KS-relation is affected by viewing angle in a non-trivial manner. However, the KS-relation of our sample as a whole is not strongly affected by these effects, because the co-variance of the areas and masses causes the observed mean column density to remain relatively constant.