The irony of the magnet system for Kibble balances -- a review

TL;DR

This review discusses the design, optimization, and uncertainties of the magnet system in Kibble balances, emphasizing the importance of maintaining consistent $Bl$ in different modes despite its cancellation in the final measurement.

Contribution

It provides comprehensive guidance on designing and optimizing the magnet system for Kibble balances, addressing systematic uncertainties and practical adjustments.

Findings

Proper magnet design is crucial for accurate mass realization.

The $Bl$ factor must be consistent in weighing and velocity modes.

Systematic uncertainties can be minimized through careful adjustments.

Abstract

The magnet system is an essential component of the Kibble balance, a device that is used to realize the unit of mass. It is the source of the magnetic flux, and its importance is captured in the geometric factor $Bl$. Ironically, the $Bl$ factor cancels out and does not appear in the final Kibble equation. Nevertheless, care must be taken to design and build the magnet system because the cancellation is perfect only if the $Bl$ is the same in both modes: the weighing and velocity mode. This review provides the knowledge necessary to build a magnetic circuit for the Kibble balance. In addition, this article discusses the design considerations, parameter optimizations, practical adjustments to the finished product, and an assessment of systematic uncertainties associated with the magnet system.