Attenuation of surface modes in granular media

TL;DR

This study experimentally investigates how seismic surface waves attenuate in granular media, considering geometric spreading and material damping, and demonstrates laboratory models' effectiveness in understanding these mechanisms.

Contribution

It provides a novel experimental approach to analyze surface wave attenuation in granular media considering power-law rigidity profiles and damping effects.

Findings

Laboratory models can effectively simulate seismic wave attenuation.

Geometric spreading and material damping are key attenuation mechanisms.

Frequency-dependent attenuation coefficients were quantitatively determined.

Abstract

In this work, an unconsolidated granular medium, made of silica microbeads, is experimentally tested in a laboratory setting. The objective is to investigate the attenuation mechanisms of vertically polarized seismic waves traveling at the surface of unconsolidated substrates that are characterized by power-law rigidity profiles. Both geometric spreading and material damping due to skeletal dissipation are considered. An electromagnetic shaker is employed to excite the granular medium between 300 and 550 Hz, generating linear modes that are localized near the surface. A densely sampled section is recorded at the surface using a laser vibrometer. The explicit solution of the geometric attenuation law of Rayleigh-like waves in layered media is employed to calculate the geometric spreading function of the vertically polarized surface modes within the granular material. In accordance with recent studies, the dynamics of these small-amplitude multi-modal linear waves can be analysed by considering the granular medium as perfectly continuous and elastic. By performing a non-linear regression analysis on particle displacements, extracted from experimental velocity data, we determine the frequency-dependent attenuation coefficients, which account for the material damping. The findings of this work show that laboratory-scale physical models can be used to study the geometric spreading of vertically polarized seismic waves induced by the soil inhomogeneity and characterize the material damping of the medium.