Is the Hemispheric Asymmetry of Monthly Sunspot Area an Irregular Process with Long-Term Memory?

TL;DR

This study analyzes the hemispheric asymmetry of sunspot activity, revealing it is mainly driven by irregular processes with long-term memory, rather than purely stochastic noise, indicating a complex solar dynamo behavior.

Contribution

It provides a nonlinear time series analysis showing the asymmetry is governed by irregular processes with long-term persistence, advancing understanding of solar dynamo mechanisms.

Findings

No strange attractor detected in asymmetry data.

Hemispheric asymmetry largely governed by stochastic noise.

Long-term persistence indicates memory beyond two solar cycles.

Abstract

The hemispheric asymmetry of the sunspot cycle is a real feature of the Sun. However, its origin is still not well understood. Here we perform nonlinear time series analysis of the sunspot area (and number) asymmetry to explore its dynamics. By measuring the correlation dimension of the sunspot area asymmetry, we conclude that there is no strange attractor in the data. Further computing Higuchi's dimension, we conclude that the hemispheric asymmetry is largely governed by stochastic noise. However, the behaviour of Hurst exponent reveals that the time series is not completely determined by a memory-less stochastic noise, rather there is a long-term persistence, which can go beyond two solar cycles. Therefore, our study suggests that the hemispheric asymmetry of the sunspot cycle is predominantly originated due to some irregular process in the solar dynamo. The long-term persistence in the solar cycle asymmetry suggests that the solar magnetic field has some memory in the convection zone.