Non-diagonal Lindblad master equations in quantum reservoir engineering

TL;DR

This paper develops analytical methods for solving non-diagonal Lindblad master equations in linear Gaussian quantum systems, revealing new insights into entanglement measurement and enabling exploration of previously unexamined regimes.

Contribution

It introduces a set of dynamical equations for moments in systems with non-diagonal Lindblad equations, extending covariance matrix methods to fermionic systems and validating entanglement criteria.

Findings

Duan criterion applies to fermionic systems.

Analytical solutions for steady states are obtained.

Method enables exploration of new physical regimes.

Abstract

Reservoir engineering has proven to be a practical approach to control open quantum systems, preserving quantum coherence by appropriately manipulating the reservoir and system-reservoir interactions. In this context, for systems comprised of different parts, it is common to describe the dynamics of a subsystem of interest by performing an adiabatic elimination of the remaining components of the system. This procedure often leads to an effective master equation for the subsystem that is not in the diagonal form of the Gorini-Kossakowski-Lindblad-Sudarshan master equation (here called diagonal Lindblad form). Instead, it has a more general structure (here called non-diagonal Lindblad form), which explicitly reveals the dissipative coupling between the various components of the subsystem. In this work, we present a set of dynamical equations for the first and second moments of the canonical variables for linear Gaussian systems, bosonic and fermionic, described by non-diagonal Lindblad master equations. Our method is efficient and allows one to obtain analytical solutions for the steady state. We supplement our findings with a review of covariance matrix methods, focusing on those related to the measurement of entanglement. Notably, our exploration yields a surprising byproduct: the Duan criterion, commonly applied to bosonic systems for verification of entanglement, is found to be equally valid for fermionic systems. We conclude with a practical example, where we revisit two-mode mechanical entanglement in an optomechanical setup. Our approach, which employs adiabatic elimination for systems governed by time-dependent Hamiltonians, opens the door to examine physical regimes that have not been explored before.