Constraints on the number of X-ray Pulsars in IC 10 from a deep XMM-Newton Observation

TL;DR

A deep XMM-Newton observation of IC 10 was conducted to search for X-ray pulsars, resulting in the identification of candidate pulsars with periods around 1 second, but no definitive pulsar population consistent with expectations was found.

Contribution

This study provides the most sensitive search for X-ray pulsars in IC 10 and compares the candidate properties with those in the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds, highlighting differences in pulsar populations.

Findings

Identified 5 significant pulsation candidates with ~1 s periods.

No pulsar population consistent with Milky Way or Magellanic Clouds was detected.

The candidate periods and luminosities suggest a different pulsar distribution in IC 10.

Abstract

We report the most sensitive search yet for X-ray pulsars in the dwarf starburst galaxy IC 10, which is known to contain a population of young high mass X-ray binaries. We searched for pulsations in 207 point-like X-ray sources in the direction of IC 10 by a 2012 \xmm~observation with a total exposure time of 134.5 ks. Pulsation searches in faint objects can be sensitive to the energy bands of the light curves, and the source and background extraction areas. We analyzed separately the PN and MOS barycenter corrected 0.2-12 keV data, with good time interval filtering. Different schemes for source and background extraction were compared, and the search was repeated in the narrower 0.5-8 keV energy band to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. For the most conservative parameters, 5 point sources produced significant peaks in the Lomb-Scargle periodogram (99\% significance, single trial, assuming white noise). A similar number of different candidates result from alternative analyses. A $\sim$4100 s period seen in all 3 instruments for the black hole (BH) + Wolf-Rayet (WR) binary IC 10 X-1 is probably due to red noise of astrophysical origin. Considering the periods, luminosities, and spatial distribution of the pulsar candidates in the direction of IC 10, they do not belong to the same distribution as the ones in the Magellanic Clouds and Milky Way. This result holds even if the candidates are spurious, since if the Small Magellanic Cloud were placed at the distance of IC 10, we would expect to see $\sim$5 pulsars at $L_x>10^{36}$ \lx ~inside the $D_{25}$ contour, and their periods would be of order 100 seconds, rather than the mostly $\sim$1 s periods for the candidates reported here, which lie outside the main body of the galaxy.