Planckian Physics Comes Into Play At Planckian Distance From Horizon

TL;DR

This paper investigates how higher-derivative interactions near a black hole horizon lead to exponential growth in particle creation amplitudes, causing the breakdown of effective theory predictions at Planckian distances and influencing black-hole evaporation.

Contribution

It introduces the role of Planckian physics in black-hole evaporation by analyzing particle creation amplitudes with higher-derivative interactions near the horizon.

Findings

Amplitudes grow exponentially with time near the horizon.

Effective theory breaks down at the scrambling time.

Planckian physics influences black-hole evaporation outcomes.

Abstract

In the background of a gravitational collapse, we compute the transition amplitudes for the creation of particles for distant observers due to higher-derivative interactions in addition to Hawking radiation. The amplitudes grow exponentially with time and become of order 1 when the collapsing matter is about a Planck length outside the horizon. As a result, the effective theory breaks down at the scrambling time, invalidating its prediction of Hawking radiation. Planckian physics comes into play to decide the fate of black-hole evaporation.