Quadratic behaviors of the 1D linear Schr{\"o}dinger equation with bilinear control

TL;DR

This paper investigates how quadratic terms in the 1D linear Schr{"o}dinger equation with bilinear control can prevent small-time local controllability, especially when the linearized system is not controllable, by inducing drifts quantified in negative Sobolev norms.

Contribution

It extends previous results by showing quadratic drifts prevent controllability with controls small in W^{-1,∞} and higher negative Sobolev norms, providing new insights into control limitations.

Findings

Quadratic drifts prevent STLC with controls small in W^{-1,∞}.

Higher-order Sobolev norms quantify the quadratic drift.

Results apply to finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional Schr{"o}dinger systems.

Abstract

We study its controllability around the ground state when the linearized system is not controllable and wonder whether the quadratic term can help to recover the directions lost at the first order. More precisely, in this paper, we formulate assumptions under which the quadratic term induces a drift which prevents the small-time local controllability (STLC) of the system in appropriate spaces. For finite-dimensional systems, quadratic terms induce coercive drifts in the dynamic, quantified by integer negative Sobolev norms, along explicit Lie brackets which prevent STLC.In the context of the bilinear Schr{\"o}dinger equation, the first drift, quantified by the $H^{-1}$-norm of the control, was already observed and used to deny STLC with controls small in $L^\infty$. In this article, we improve this result by denying STLC with controls small in $W^{-1, \infty}$. Furthermore, for any positive integer $n$, we formulate assumptions under which one may observe a quadratic drift quantified by the $H^{-n}$-norm of the control and we use it to deny STLC in suitable spaces.