The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm at High Depth for MaxCut on Large-Girth Regular Graphs and the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick Model

TL;DR

This paper develops an iterative formula to evaluate the performance of the QAOA on large-girth regular graphs and the SK model, showing it surpasses classical algorithms at high depth and conjecturing it approaches the Parisi value.

Contribution

The authors derive a new, efficient iterative formula for analyzing QAOA performance on large-girth graphs and the SK model, extending its applicability and depth analysis.

Findings

QAOA at depth 11 outperforms classical algorithms on large-girth regular graphs.

The iterative formula accurately predicts ensemble-averaged QAOA performance on the SK model.

Numerical analysis extends QAOA depth to p=20, supporting the conjecture of approaching the Parisi value.

Abstract

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) finds approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems. Its performance monotonically improves with its depth $p$. We apply the QAOA to MaxCut on large-girth $D$-regular graphs. We give an iterative formula to evaluate performance for any $D$ at any depth $p$. Looking at random $D$-regular graphs, at optimal parameters and as $D$ goes to infinity, we find that the $p=11$ QAOA beats all classical algorithms (known to the authors) that are free of unproven conjectures. While the iterative formula for these $D$-regular graphs is derived by looking at a single tree subgraph, we prove that it also gives the ensemble-averaged performance of the QAOA on the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (SK) model defined on the complete graph. We also generalize our formula to Max-$q$-XORSAT on large-girth regular hypergraphs. Our iteration is a compact procedure, but its computational complexity grows as $O(p^2 4^p)$. This iteration is more efficient than the previous procedure for analyzing QAOA performance on the SK model, and we are able to numerically go to $p=20$. Encouraged by our findings, we make the optimistic conjecture that the QAOA, as $p$ goes to infinity, will achieve the Parisi value. We analyze the performance of the quantum algorithm, but one needs to run it on a quantum computer to produce a string with the guaranteed performance.