The space density of ultra-luminous QSOs at the end of reionization epoch by the QUBRICS Survey and the AGN contribution to the hydrogen ionizing background

TL;DR

This study reassesses the space density of ultra-luminous QSOs at z~5, revealing a higher density than previously thought and suggesting AGNs significantly contributed to hydrogen reionization at the end of the epoch.

Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive estimate of ultra-luminous QSO density at z~5 using the QUBRICS survey, indicating a steeper luminosity function and a larger role for AGNs in reionization.

Findings

The space density of z~5 QSOs is three times higher than previous estimates.

The QSO luminosity function at z~5 has a steep bright-end slope.

AGNs could account for 50-100% of the ionizing background at the end of reionization.

Abstract

Motivated by evidences favoring a rapid and late hydrogen reionization process completing at z~5.2-5.5 and mainly driven by rare and luminous sources, we have reassessed the estimate of the space density of ultra-luminous QSOs at z~5 in the framework of the QUBRICS survey. A ~90% complete sample of 14 spectroscopically confirmed QSOs at M1450<-28.3 and 4.5<z<5.0 has been derived in an area of 12,400 sq. deg., thanks to multi-wavelength selection and GAIA astrometry. The space density of z~5 QSOs within -29.3<M1450<-28.3 is three times higher than previous determinations. Our results suggest a steep bright-end slope for the QSO luminosity function at z~5 and a mild redshift evolution of the space density of ultra-bright QSOs (M1450~-28.5) at 3<z<5.5, in agreement with the redshift evolution of the much fainter AGN population at M1450~-23. These findings are consistent with a pure density evolution for the AGN population at z>3. Adopting our z~4 QSO luminosity function and applying a mild density evolution in redshift, a photo-ionization rate of GammaHI=0.46+0.17-0.09x10^-12 s^-1 has been obtained at z=4.75, assuming an escape fraction of ~70% and a steep faint-end slope of the AGN luminosity function. The derived photo-ionization rate is ~50-100% of the ionizing background measured at the end of the reionization epoch, suggesting that AGNs could play an important role in the cosmological reionization process.