Intersonic Detachment Surface Waves in Elastomer Frictional Sliding

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of intersonic detachment surface waves in elastomer sliding, revealing their speeds exceed traditional elastic wave velocities and are governed by elasticity and inertia, impacting noise generation in elastomer applications.

Contribution

It introduces the observation of intersonic detachment waves in elastomers, a phenomenon previously unreported, and analyzes their dynamics and scaling laws.

Findings

Detachment waves travel faster than Rayleigh and shear wave velocities.

Wave speed scales with the elastic modulus of the elastomer.

Wave characteristics correlate with wrinkle generation frequencies.

Abstract

Elastomeric materials when sliding on clean and rough surfaces generate wrinkles at the interface due to tangential stress gradients. These interfacial folds travel along the bottom of elastomer as surface detachment waves to facilitate the apparent sliding motion of elastomer. At very low sliding speed compared to elastic surface waves, the process is dominated by surface adhesion and relaxation effects, and the phenomenon is historically referred to as Schallamach waves. We report in this letter the observation of fast-traveling intersonic detachment waves exceeding the Rayleigh and shear wave velocities of the soft material in contact. The spatio-temporal analysis revealed the accelerating nature of the detachment wave, and the scaling of wave speed with the elastic modului of the material suggests that this process is governed by elasticity and inertia. Multiple wave signatures on the plot were connected to different stages of surface wrinkles, as they exhibited distinctive slopes (from which velocities were derived) in the generation, propagation and rebound phases. We also characterized the frequencies of wrinkle generation in addition to the speeds and found a consistent scaling law of these two wave characteristics as the stiffness of elastomer increased. Physical implications of this new finding may further promote our understanding of elastomer noise generation mechanisms, as at macroscopic sliding velocity, the frequency of elastomer instability readily enters human audible ranges and interacts with other vibratory frequencies to cooperatively create harsh and detrimental noises in disc braking, wiper blade and shoe squeaking among many other elastomer applications.