A New Method for Estimating Starspot Lifetimes Based on Autocorrelation Functions

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel autocorrelation-based method to estimate starspot lifetimes from Kepler light curves, revealing correlations with stellar rotation and temperature.

Contribution

The study develops a calibrated autocorrelation technique to infer starspot lifetimes, incorporating models of varying durations to match Kepler observations.

Findings

Short starspot lifetimes (1-4 rotations) indicated by weak autocorrelation peaks.

Long starspot lifetimes (15+ rotations) indicated by strong peaks.

Longer physical lifetimes in cooler stars and those with shorter rotation periods.

Abstract

We present a method that utilizes autocorrelation functions from long-term precision broadband differential light curves to estimate the average lifetimes of starspot groups for two large sample of Kepler stars: stars with and without previously known rotation periods. Our method is calibrated by comparing the strengths of the first few normalized autocorrelation peaks using ensembles of models that have various starspot lifetimes. We find that we must mix models of short and long lifetimes together (in heuristically determined ratios) to align the models with the Kepler data. Our fundamental result is that short starspot group lifetimes (1-4 rotations) are implied when the first normalized peak is weaker than about 0.4, long lifetimes (15 or greater) are implied when it is greater than about 0.7, and in between are the intermediate cases. Rotational lifetimes can be converted to physical lifetimes if the rotation period is known. Stars with shorter rotation periods tend to have longer rotational (but not physical) spot lifetimes, and cooler stars tend to have longer physical spot lifetimes than warmer stars with the same rotation period. The distributions of the physical lifetimes are lognormal for both samples and generally longer in the first sample. The shorter lifetimes in the stars without known periods probably explain why their periods are difficult to measure. Some stars exhibit longer than average physical starspot lifetimes; their percentage drops with increasing temperature from nearly half at 3000K to nearly zero for hotter than 6000K.