Theory of Non-equilibrium "Hot" Carriers in Direct Band-gap Semiconductors Under Continuous Illumination

TL;DR

This paper develops a comprehensive self-consistent theoretical framework to predict non-equilibrium hot carrier distributions in illuminated semiconductors, revealing counter-intuitive behaviors and improving the understanding of hot-carrier effects in optoelectronic applications.

Contribution

It introduces the first unified theory accounting for excitation, thermalization, and recombination, enabling accurate predictions of non-equilibrium carrier distributions under continuous illumination.

Findings

Distributions deviate more from equilibrium at low illumination intensities.

Different experimental methods yield varying carrier temperature dependencies.

The model accurately predicts photoluminescence efficiency, matching experimental data.

Abstract

The interplay between the illuminated excitation of carriers and subsequent thermalization and recombination leads to the formation of non-equilibrium distributions for the "hot" carriers and to heating of both electrons, holes and phonons. In spite of the fundamental and practical importance of these processes, there is no theoretical framework which encompasses all of them and provides a clear prediction for the non-equilibrium carrier distributions. Here, a self-consistent theory accounting for the interplay between excitation, thermalization, and recombination in continuously-illuminated semiconductors is presented, enabling the calculation of non-equilibrium carrier distributions. We show that counter-intuitively, distributions deviate more from equilibrium under weak illumination than at high intensities. We mimic two experimental procedures to extract the carrier temperatures and show that they yield different dependence on illumination. Finally, we provide an accurate way to evaluate photoluminescence efficiency, which, unlike conventional models, predicts correctly the experimental results. These results provide a starting point towards examining how non-equilibrium features will affect properties hot-carrier based application.