Growing Neoclassical Tearing Modes Seeded via Transient-Induced-Multimode Interactions

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates through nonlinear MHD simulations how transient magnetic perturbations can seed neoclassical tearing modes, revealing the importance of nonlinear mode coupling in their growth.

Contribution

It introduces a new simulation approach using the NIMROD code with heuristic neoclassical stresses and transient boundary perturbations to study NTM seeding.

Findings

Transient MPs can seed 2/1 NTMs in simulations.

NTM growth involves a slow phase followed by rapid growth.

Nonlinear interactions between modes drive initial seed growth.

Abstract

Nonlinear extended MHD simulations demonstrating seeding of neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) via MHD-transient-induced multimode interactions are presented. Simulations of NTMs are enabled by two recent NIMROD code developments: the implementation of heuristic neoclassical stresses and the application of transient magnetic perturbations (MPs) at the boundary. NTMs are driven unstable by the inherently pressure driven kinetic bootstrap current, which arises due to collisional viscosity between passing and trapped electrons. These simulations use heuristic closures that model the neoclassical electron and ion stresses. NTM growth requires a seed island, which is generated by a transiently applied MP in simulations. The capability is demonstrated using kinetic-based reconstructions with flow of a DIII-D ITER Baseline Scenario discharge [R.J. La Haye, et al., Proceedings IAEA FEC 2020]. The applied MP seeds a 2/1 NTM that grows in two phases: a slow growth phase followed by a faster robust growth phase like that observed experimentally. Additionally, an evolving sequence of higher order core modes are excited at first. Power transfer analysis shows that nonlinear interactions between the core modes and the 2/1 helps drive the initial slow growth. Once the induced 2/1 magnetic island reaches a critical width, the NTM transitions to faster robust growth which is well described by the nonlinear modified Rutherford equation. This work highlights the role of nonlinear mode coupling in seeding NTMs.