Sign inversion in the lateral van der Waals force

TL;DR

This paper explores how geometric features of a conducting surface influence the lateral van der Waals force on a neutral particle, revealing conditions for force direction inversion due to shape and anisotropy effects.

Contribution

It demonstrates that nontrivial geometric effects can invert the lateral vdW force direction, especially with anisotropic particles and multiple protuberances, beyond the proximity force approximation.

Findings

Lateral vdW force points toward the protuberance under PFA.

Sign inversion occurs when the particle's anisotropy and surface geometry are manipulated.

Classical counterparts of the effects are also identified.

Abstract

We consider a single slight protuberance in a perfectly conducting plane, and investigate the van der Waals (vdW) interaction between this surface and a neutral polarizable particle. When the protuberance is sufficiently smooth, so that the proximity force approximation (PFA) is well applicable, for a fixed distance of the particle from the plane, the lateral vdW force always points to the protuberance. On the other hand, by making calculations valid beyond the PFA, we show that nontrivial geometric effects arise when we consider an anisotropic particle, and manipulate the ratio between the characteristic widths of the protuberance and the fixed particle-plane distance. We predict that, as this ratio decreases, a sign inversion in the lateral vdW force can occur, in the sense that, instead of pointing to the protuberance, in certain situations the lateral force points to the opposite direction. Moreover, we show that even when such a sign inversion in the lateral vdW force does not occur for a single protuberance, it can arise when two or more protuberances are put together, distinguishing between sign inversions originated by individual or collective effects. In addition, we show that all these effects have their classical counterparts, involving a neutral particle with a permanent electric dipole moment. The prediction of such geometric effects on the lateral vdW force may be relevant for a better controlling of the interaction between a particle and a corrugated surface in classical and quantum physics.