Light curve fingerprints: an automated approach to the extraction of X-ray variability patterns with feature aggregation -- an example application to GRS 1915+105

TL;DR

This paper introduces an automated method for extracting and aggregating features from X-ray light curves using neural networks and Gaussian mixture models, enabling efficient classification and similarity analysis of complex variability patterns.

Contribution

It presents a novel pipeline combining LSTM Variational Autoencoder and Gaussian mixture models to generate fixed-length light curve fingerprints for automated analysis.

Findings

Successfully characterizes GRS 1915+105 X-ray variability

Enables efficient light curve classification

Quantifies similarities between different light curves

Abstract

Time series data mining is an important field of research in the era of "Big Data". Next generation astronomical surveys will generate data at unprecedented rates, creating the need for automated methods of data analysis. We propose a method of light curve characterisation that employs a pipeline consisting of a neural network with a Long-Short Term Memory Variational Autoencoder architecture and a Gaussian mixture model. The pipeline performs extraction and aggregation of features from light curve segments into feature vectors of fixed length which we refer to as light curve "fingerprints". This representation can be readily used as input of down-stream machine learning algorithms. We demonstrate the proposed method on a data set of Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer observations of the galactic black hole X-ray binary GRS 1915+105, which was chosen because of its observed complex X-ray variability. We find that the proposed method can generate a representation that characterises the observations and reflects the presence of distinct classes of GRS 1915+105 X-ray flux variability. We find that this representation can be used to perform efficient classification of light curves. We also present how the representation can be used to quantify the similarity of different light curves, highlighting the problem of the popular classification system of GRS 1915+105 observations, which does not account for intermediate class behaviour.