The universality of islands outside the horizon
Song He, Yuan Sun, Long Zhao, Yu-Xuan Zhang

TL;DR
This paper investigates the existence and properties of quantum extremal surfaces (islands) outside black hole horizons across various dimensions, revealing conditions under which they form and saturate entropy, with implications for black hole information.
Contribution
It provides a systematic calculation of QES for general D-dimensional black holes and identifies the conditions for their existence, including the effects of backreaction and upper bounds on parameters.
Findings
QES exists outside the horizon when c·G_{(D)} is sufficiently small.
Late-time radiation entropy saturates at twice the black hole entropy.
No island configuration appears when c·G_{(D)} exceeds an upper bound.
Abstract
We systematically calculate the quantum extremal surface (QES) associated with Hawking radiation for general -dimensional () asymptotically flat (or AdS) eternal black holes using the island formula. We collect the Hawking radiation particles by a non-gravitational bath and find that a QES exists in the near-horizon region outside the black hole when is smaller enough where is the central charge of the conformal matter and the -dimensional Newton constant. The locations of the QES in these backgrounds are obtained and the late-time radiation entropy saturates the two times of black hole entropy. Finally, we numerically check that the no island configuration exists once exceeds a certain upper bound in two-dimensional generalized dilaton theories (GDT). When is close to the upper bound, the backreaction of the…
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