Masking Effects in Combined Hardness and Stiffness Rendering Using an Encountered-Type Haptic Display

TL;DR

This paper explores a novel approach to haptic rendering by combining augmented reality and an encountered-type display, showing that end-effector hardness can mask device stiffness and influence perception, improving rendering of hard surfaces.

Contribution

It introduces a method that uses a variable hardness end-effector to mask device limitations in rendering hard surfaces in haptics.

Findings

Hard end-effectors mask device stiffness changes.

Soft end-effectors allow users to perceive stiffness differences.

The approach improves rendering of hard surfaces in haptics.

Abstract

Rendering stable hard surfaces is an important problem in haptics for many tasks, including training simulators for orthopedic surgery or dentistry. Current impedance devices cannot provide enough force and stiffness to render a wall, and the high friction and inertia of admittance devices make it difficult to render free space. We propose to address these limitations by combining haptic augmented reality, untethered haptic interaction, and an encountered-type haptic display. We attach a plate with the desired hardness on the kinesthetic device's end-effector, which the user interacts with using an untethered stylus. This method allows us to directly change the hardness of the end-effector based on the rendered object. In this paper, we evaluate how changing the hardness of the end-effector can mask the device's stiffness and affect the user's perception. The results of our human subject experiment indicate that when the end-effector is made of a hard material, it is difficult for users to perceive when the underlying stiffness being rendered by the device is changed, but this stiffness change is easy to distinguish while the end-effector is made of a soft material. These results show promise for our approach in avoiding the limitations of haptic devices when rendering hard surfaces.