Origin of interface limitation in CuInS$_2$ based solar cells

TL;DR

This study investigates the cause of interface recombination in CuInS$_2$ solar cells, finding that near-interface defects, rather than band alignment issues, are primarily responsible for performance limitations.

Contribution

The paper provides a detailed analysis showing that interface defects, not conduction band offsets, dominate recombination in CuInS$_2$ solar cells.

Findings

Small conduction band offset (0.1 eV) at the interface

Recombination occurs mainly at the Zn(O,S)/CuInS$_2$ interface

Near-interface defects are likely responsible for recombination

Abstract

Copper indium disulfide (CuInS$_2$) grown under Cu-rich conditions exhibits high optical quality but suffers predominantly from charge carrier interface recombination resulting in poor solar cell performance. An unfavorable cliff like conduction band alignment at the buffer/CuInS$_2$ interface could be a possible cause of enhanced interface recombination in the device. In this work, we exploit direct and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy together with electrical characterization to investigate the cause of interface recombination in Zn(O,S)/CuInS$_2$ devices. Temperature-dependent current-voltage analysis indeed reveal an activation energy of the dominant charge carrier recombination path, considerably smaller than the absorber bandgap, confirming the dominant recombination channel to be present at the Zn(O,S)/CuInS2 interface. However, photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate a small spike like conduction band offset of 0.1 eV at the Zn(O,S) CuInS$_2$ interface, excluding an unfavorable energy level alignment to be the prominent cause for strong interface recombination. The observed band bending upon interface formation also rules out Fermi level pinning as the main reason, leaving near-interface defects (as recently observed in Cu-rich CuInSe2)1 as the likely reason for the performance limiting interface recombination.