Effects of Phase Difference between Instability Modes on Boundary Layer Transition

TL;DR

This study investigates how the initial phase difference between flow instability modes influences laminar-to-turbulent transition in boundary layers, revealing that phase modulation can significantly delay transition and affect modal evolution.

Contribution

It combines Floquet analysis, PSE, and LES to systematically analyze phase effects on flow instability interactions during boundary layer transition, providing new insights into phase-dependent transition control.

Findings

Phase difference can delay transition by up to 4×10^5 Reynolds units.

Phase modulation affects the spatial evolution of subharmonic mode shapes.

Nonlinear simulations show phase effects are significant up to the weakly nonlinear stage.

Abstract

Phase effect on the modal interaction of flow instabilities is investigated for laminar-to-turbulent transition in a flat-plate boundary layer flow. Primary and secondary instabilities are numerically studied with 2D Tollmien-Schlichting wave and subharmonic 3D oblique waves at various initial phase differences between these two instability modes. Three numerical methods are used for a systematic approach for the entire transition process, i.e., before the onset of transition well into fully turbulent flow. The Floquet analysis predicts the subharmonic resonance where a subharmonic mode locally resonates for a given basic flow composed of the steady laminar flow and the fundamental mode. Because the Floquet analysis is limited to the resonating subharmonic mode, nonlinear parabolized stability equations (PSE) simulation is conducted with various phase shifts of the subharmonic mode with respect to the given fundamental mode. PSE offers insights on the modal interaction affected by the phase difference up to the weakly nonlinear stage of transition. Large-eddy simulation (LES) is conducted for a complete transition to turbulent boundary layer because PSE becomes prohibitively expensive in the late nonlinear stage of transition. The modulation of the subharmonic resonance with the initial phase difference leads to a significant delay in the transition location up to $\Delta Re_{x, tr} \simeq 4\times 10^5$ as predicted by the current LES. Effects of the initial phase difference on the spatial evolution of the modal shape of the subharmonic mode are further investigated. The mechanism of the phase evolution is discussed, based on current numerical results and relevant literature data.