Characterization of atmospheric coherent structures and their impact on a utility-scale wind turbine

TL;DR

This study investigates how atmospheric vortical coherent structures influence wind turbine loading, power output, and wake dynamics, revealing that vortex size and rotation direction significantly affect turbine performance.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed characterization of atmospheric vortical structures and their direct impact on utility-scale wind turbine operation and wake behavior.

Findings

Large vortices increase structural stresses on turbines.

Vortex rotation direction affects power fluctuations.

Coherent structures influence wake contraction events.

Abstract

Atmospheric turbulent velocity fluctuations are known to increase wind turbine structural loading and accelerate wake recovery, but the impact of vortical coherent structures in the atmosphere on wind turbines has not yet been evaluated. The current study uses flow imaging with natural snowfall with a field of view spanning the inflow and near wake. Vortical coherent structures with diameters on the order of 1 m are identified and characterized in the flow approaching a 2.5 MW wind turbine in the region spanning the bottom blade tip elevation to hub height. Their impact on turbine structural loading, power generation, and wake behaviour are evaluated. Long coherent structure packets (larger than 200 m) are shown to increase fluctuating stresses on the turbine support tower. Large inflow vortices interact with the turbine blades, leading to deviations from the expected power generation. The sign of these deviations is related to the rotation direction of the vortices, with rotation in the same direction as the circulation on the blades leading to periods of power surplus, and opposite rotation causing power deficit. Periods of power deficit coincide with wake contraction events. These findings highlight the importance of considering coherent structure properties when making turbine design and siting decisions.