Low frequency radio properties of the $z>5$ quasar population

TL;DR

This study investigates the low-frequency radio properties of over a hundred $z>5$ quasars using LOFAR data, revealing their spectral indices, radio loudness, and estimating their luminosity function to aid future high-redshift quasar detection.

Contribution

It provides the first systematic analysis of low-frequency radio emissions from $z>5$ quasars and estimates their luminosity function, enhancing understanding of early SMBH activity.

Findings

36% of quasars detected at >2σ in LOFAR data

Median spectral index of -0.29 consistent with lower redshift quasars

Radio loudness distribution shows no significant evolution with redshift

Abstract

Optically luminous quasars at $z > 5$ are important probes of super-massive black hole (SMBH) formation. With new and future radio facilities, the discovery of the brightest low-frequency radio sources in this epoch would be an important new probe of cosmic reionization through 21-cm absorption experiments. In this work, we systematically study the low-frequency radio properties of a sample of 115 known spectroscopically confirmed $z>5$ quasars using the second data release of the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) Two Metre Sky survey (LoTSS-DR2), reaching noise levels of $\sim$80 $\mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$ (at 144 MHz) over an area of $\sim5720$ deg$^2$. We find that 41 sources (36%) are detected in LoTSS-DR2 at $>2 \sigma$ significance and we explore the evolution of their radio properties (power, spectral index, and radio loudness) as a function of redshift and rest-frame ultra-violet properties. We obtain a median spectral index of $-0.29^{+0.10}_{-0.09}$ by stacking 93 quasars using LoTSS-DR2 and Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimetres (FIRST) data at 1.4 GHz, in line with observations of quasars at $z<3$. We compare the radio loudness of the high-$z$ quasar sample to a lower-$z$ quasar sample at $z\sim2$ and find that the two radio loudness distributions are consistent with no evolution, although the low number of high-z quasars means that we cannot rule out weak evolution. Furthermore, we make a first order empirical estimate of the $z=6$ quasar radio luminosity function, which is used to derive the expected number of high-$z$ sources that will be detected in the completed LoTSS survey. This work highlights the fact that new deep radio observations can be a valuable tool in selecting high-$z$ quasar candidates for follow-up spectroscopic observations by decreasing contamination of stellar dwarfs and reducing possible selection biases introduced by strict colour cuts.