Crack detection using tap-testing and machine learning techniques to prevent potential rockfall incidents

TL;DR

This paper presents an automated system using tap-testing and machine learning to identify potentially unstable rocks by analyzing acoustic signals, aiming to prevent rockfall incidents.

Contribution

It introduces a novel robot-based acoustic inspection method employing PCA for classifying rock stability, combining simulation and laboratory testing.

Findings

PCA effectively distinguishes different rock conditions based on sound patterns.

Laboratory tests show high classification accuracy with the proposed method.

The system demonstrates potential for real-time rockfall hazard assessment.

Abstract

Rockfalls are a hazard for the safety of infrastructure as well as people. Identifying loose rocks by inspection of slopes adjacent to roadways and other infrastructure and removing them in advance can be an effective way to prevent unexpected rockfall incidents. This paper proposes a system towards an automated inspection for potential rockfalls. A robot is used to repeatedly strike or tap on the rock surface. The sound from the tapping is collected by the robot and subsequently classified with the intent of identifying rocks that are broken and prone to fall. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the collected acoustic data is used to recognize patterns associated with rocks of various conditions, including intact as well as rock with different types and locations of cracks. The PCA classification was first demonstrated simulating sounds of different characteristics that were automatically trained and tested. Secondly, a laboratory test was conducted tapping rock specimens with three different levels of discontinuity in depth and shape. A real microphone mounted on the robot recorded the sound and the data were classified in three clusters within 2D space. A model was created using the training data to classify the reminder of the data (the test data). The performance of the method is evaluated with a confusion matrix.