The Effect of Age on the Grouping of Open Clusters: The Primordial Group Hypothesis

TL;DR

This study tests the primordial group hypothesis for open clusters, finding that young clusters often remain in groups while older ones are typically isolated, supporting the idea that clusters form in primordial groups that disperse over time.

Contribution

The paper provides empirical evidence supporting the primordial group hypothesis by analyzing Gaia data and literature, showing age-dependent clustering behavior of open clusters.

Findings

Approximately 71% of very young OCs remain in primordial groups.

Older OCs (>4 Gyr) are mostly isolated.

Around 12-16% of OCs are linked in primordial groups.

Abstract

The Primordial group hypothesis states that only young enough open clusters (OCs) can be multiple, and old OCs are essentially single since the gravitational interaction between OCs in primordial groups is very weak, and the probability of gravitational capture of two unrelated OCs without disruption is very low. We test such postulate through four different studies using a manual search of Gaia EDR3 and extensive literature. First, we revisit the work of de La Fuente Marcos & de La Fuente Marcos (2009), which states that only ca. 40% of the OCs pairs are of primordial origin. However, no plausible binary system among their proposed OC pairs having at least one member older than 0.1 Gyr has been found. Second, we research among the youngest OCs (age < 0.01 Gyr) in Tarricq et al. (2021) and obtain that ca. 71% of them remain in their primordial groups. Third, a similar study of the oldest OCs (age > 4 Gyr) shows that they are essentially alone. Forth, the well-known case of the double cluster in Perseus is shown also to accommodate the title hypothesis. A simplified bimodal model allows retrieving the overall fraction of linked OCs (around 12-16 %) from our results, assuming that young clusters remain associated ~0.04 Gyr. The obtained results further support that OCs are born in groups (Casado 2021).