The Inverse-Square Law Force between Vapor-Mediated Droplets

TL;DR

This paper discovers a new inverse-square law force between vapor-mediated droplets on solid substrates, explaining a fundamental natural law through a novel physical phenomenon involving surface tension gradients and vapor concentration decay.

Contribution

It introduces a new inverse-square law force between evaporating droplets, linking vapor concentration decay to the force's inverse-square dependence, and demonstrates its universality across systems.

Findings

Inverse-square law force observed between vapor-mediated droplets.

Force consistent across various experimental parameters and systems.

Supports superposition principle, indicating linearity of the force.

Abstract

In 1687, Sir Issac Newton published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in which the law of universal gravitation was derived. It is the first inverse-square law discovered in nature, combined with Coulomb's law in 1785, the two famous inverse-square laws become part of the foundation of physics. Why does nature prefer inverse-square laws over the laws of other forms? The question is still arousing broad discussion, and it is an important topic in physics. So far, the origin of inverse-square law is still under exploration although from the point of reductionism, the law of universal gravitation can be treated as the approximation of Einstein's general relativity under weak gravitation, and Coulomb's law could be derived from quantum electrodynamics. Here we discover a new inverse-square law between evaporating droplets deposited on a high energy solid substrate. For binary droplets, we show that the evaporation from a source droplet will create a surface tension gradient in the precursor film of a target droplet, resulting in a long-range inverse-square law force acting on the target droplet, and that the inverse proportion decay of the source vapor concentration in the space essentially contributes to the inverse-square form of the force. Furthermore, the inverse-square law force here is shown to hold for all experimental parameters tested, and other systems such as pure-liquid-droplet system and thermocapillary system, and it satisfies the superposition principle, not only suggesting exciting directions for future droplet research and applications, but also benefiting understanding of nature's predilection for inverse-square law.