Effective potentials in a rotating spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 spinor condensate

TL;DR

This paper investigates the stationary vortex lattice configurations in rotating spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates with spin-orbit and coherent couplings, revealing effective potential landscapes and spin responses through analytical and numerical methods.

Contribution

It provides a systematic analysis of how rotation, spin-orbit, and coherent couplings shape the effective potentials and vortex structures in spin-1 BECs, including analytical solutions and numerical validation.

Findings

Effective potentials can be toroidal, double-well, or asymmetric under specific conditions.

Analytical and numerical results for density maxima are in excellent agreement.

Rapid rotation leads to spin expectation approaching unity in antiferromagnetic condensates.

Abstract

We theoretically study the stationary-state vortex lattice configurations of rotating spin-orbit- and coherently-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates trapped in quasi-two-dimensional harmonic potentials. The combined effects of rotation, spin-orbit and coherent couplings are analyzed systematically from the single-particle perspective. Through the single-particle Hamiltonian, which is exactly solvable for one-dimensional coupling, under specific coupling and rotation strengths, we illustrate that a boson in these rotating spin-orbit- and coherently-coupled condensates are subjected to effective toroidal, symmetric double-well, or asymmetric double-well potentials. In the presence of mean-field interactions, using the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii formalism at moderate to high rotation frequencies, the analytically obtained effective potential minima and the numerically obtained coarse-grained density maxima position are in excellent agreement. On rapid rotation, we further find that the spin expectation per particle of an antiferromagnetic spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate approaches unity indicating a similarity in the response with ferromagnetic spin-orbit-coupled condensates.